Paying research subjects: historical considerations.

Paying research subjects: an analysis of current policies.

BACKGROUND Few data are available on guidelines used by research organizations to make decisions about paying subjects. OBJECTIVE To analyze existing guidance regarding payment of research subjects and to identify common characteristics and areas for further research. DESIGN Descriptive content analysis of policies. MEASUREMENTS Written policies and rules of thumb about paying subjects fr...

Reducing sample size in experiments with animals: historical controls and related strategies.

Reducing the number of animal subjects used in biomedical experiments is desirable for ethical and practical reasons. Previous reviews of the benefits of reducing sample sizes have focused on improving experimental designs and methods of statistical analysis, but reducing the size of control groups has been considered rarely. We discuss how the number of current control animals can be reduced, ...

Paying research subjects: participants' perspectives.

OBJECTIVE To explore the opinions of unpaid healthy volunteers on the payment of research subjects. DESIGN Prospective cohort. SETTING Southern Alberta, Canada. PARTICIPANTS Medically eligible persons responding to recruiting advertisements for a randomised vaccine trial were invited to take part in a study of informed consent at the point at which they formally consented or refused trial...

Ottoman Tax Registers ( Tahrir Defterleri ) Metin

The Ottoman government obtained current information on the empire’s sources of revenue through periodic registers called tahrir defterleri. These documents include detailed information on tax-paying subjects and taxable resources, making it possible to study the economic and social history of the Middle East and Eastern Europe in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Although the use of these ...

Paying Family Members to Provide Care: Policy Considerations for States